生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文怎么寫:
1 引 言
生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文是一種英語應(yīng)用文體,在語言上有其獨(dú)特的特征和要求,最突出的語言特點(diǎn)可歸納為三個方面:簡明性、準(zhǔn)確性和規(guī)范性。這三方面語言特性既指論文內(nèi)容的表達(dá)上,又指語言的運(yùn)用和表達(dá)方式上,具體體現(xiàn)在貫穿全文的譴詞造句、時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用和常用表達(dá)法等方面。Day在“How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper”一書中,分別在不同章節(jié)中論述了這些語言特點(diǎn),指出掌握這些語言特點(diǎn)的重要性并給予較具體的寫作指導(dǎo)原則。作者將運(yùn)用Day 相關(guān)寫作規(guī)則,通過實(shí)例分別從語言基本特性、時(shí)態(tài)的準(zhǔn)確用法和規(guī)范的常用表達(dá)法這三方面,分析和總結(jié)生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文共同的顯著語言特點(diǎn)。
2 簡明性:英語生物醫(yī)學(xué)論文語言的基本特點(diǎn)
Day認(rèn)為,“科技論文寫作的主要特點(diǎn)是簡明性”科技論文寫作就是將某種明確的信息傳遞給讀者,傳遞這個信息的語言應(yīng)該盡可能簡明扼要。醫(yī)學(xué)論文屬科技論文,其主旨就是論述醫(yī)學(xué)理論研究和醫(yī)療技術(shù)開發(fā)研究中有創(chuàng)新和有價(jià)值的成果,是實(shí)用文體的一種。這種實(shí)用性醫(yī)學(xué)論文寫作語言有別于文學(xué)性寫作語言,它不采用散文、詩歌、小說等體裁的文學(xué)語言,不追求華麗的辭藻和抒情的語句,不使用比喻、夸張、排比、擬人等等修辭手法,因?yàn)檫@種文學(xué)性語言很可能造成引申和含混的意義,影響科學(xué)事實(shí)內(nèi)容被準(zhǔn)確無誤和簡潔明快地傳達(dá)和接受。因此,科學(xué)論文寫作應(yīng)遵循“信息優(yōu)先,優(yōu)雅最后”的原則, 作者只需要盡可能簡明地陳述事實(shí); 在科研論文中,沒人要看花哨的辭藻或文學(xué)修飾。
由此可見,簡明扼要是科技論文語言的最基本特點(diǎn)和最高境界,這種簡明性能使英語生物醫(yī)學(xué)論文暢達(dá)明快、思路清晰,容易被理解和接受。以下英文摘要例子充分體現(xiàn)了這個基本語言特點(diǎn):
Suppression of immune responses by regulatory T cells (Tregs) is thought to limit late stages of pathogen-specific immunity as a means of minimizing associated tissue damage. We examined a role for Tregs during mucosal herpes simplex virus infection in mice, and observed an accelerated fatal infection with increased viral loads in the mucosa and central nervous system after ablation of Tregs. Although augmented interferon production was detected in the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) in Treg-deprived mice, it was profoundly reduced at the infection site. This was associated with a delay in the arrival of natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and T cells to the site of infection and a sharp increase in proinflammatory chemokine levels in the dLNs. Our results suggest that Tregs facilitate early protective responses to local viral infection by allowing a timely entry of immune cells into infected tissue.
這個摘要簡短精練,作者高效地運(yùn)用英語文字,簡明扼要地將論文主體部分IMRAD(Introduction, Materials & Method, Results and Discussion)中研究背景、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論分別用一、兩句話加以概括,只用5個句子、142個詞就分別把四個部分的主要內(nèi)容交代得清清楚楚,毫無冗詞贅句。第一句用信號詞 “is thought to” 說明研究的相關(guān)背景知識,第二句中動詞 “examined” 和“observed” 表明方法,第三句和第四句說明結(jié)果,第五句以信號詞短語“Our results suggest that” 開頭,表明作者在概括討論部分。
3 準(zhǔn)確性:掌握準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)
醫(yī)學(xué)是自然學(xué)科的一個分支,醫(yī)學(xué)研究反映醫(yī)學(xué)研究者嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)態(tài)度和審慎的科學(xué)道德觀念,醫(yī)學(xué)論文作者必須運(yùn)用正確而恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言表達(dá)方式將醫(yī)學(xué)客觀規(guī)律和研究成果準(zhǔn)確無誤地表達(dá)出來,力求讓讀者能清楚明白地接受理解作者要表達(dá)的意圖和信息。在生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文各大部分中,英語時(shí)態(tài)的準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用是很重要的,它無疑是確保醫(yī)學(xué)論文質(zhì)量和準(zhǔn)確性的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)。
Day指出,“恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用源于嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)道德觀念”:一篇科技論文如果已被有效地發(fā)表,它便是已知科技知識,所以,如果作者引用已發(fā)表文章,就應(yīng)該遵循科學(xué)道德原則,以尊重科學(xué)的態(tài)度對待它,所用時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該是說明已知事實(shí)和真理的現(xiàn)在時(shí),而表達(dá)作者自己的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)用過去時(shí),因?yàn)榇搜芯堪l(fā)現(xiàn)只有在發(fā)表后才會成為被科技界接受并成為科技知識和真理。英語醫(yī)學(xué)論文中時(shí)態(tài)的不恰當(dāng)使用,會導(dǎo)致讀者對論文作者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)和已被接受的醫(yī)學(xué)知識或真理混淆不清,產(chǎn)生誤會。由于受漢語的影響,英語時(shí)態(tài)是中國醫(yī)學(xué)工作者在撰寫醫(yī)學(xué)論文時(shí)容易出錯的語言方面問題。漢語表達(dá)時(shí)間概念主要依靠上下文襯托或時(shí)間狀語,動詞無詞形變化,但英語中除了必要的時(shí)間狀語外,時(shí)間概念的表達(dá)主要體現(xiàn)在動詞詞形的變化上。英語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用是非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù),如何掌握生物醫(yī)學(xué)論文中英語時(shí)態(tài)的特點(diǎn)并正確使用時(shí)態(tài)以保證論文信息傳達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性,是中國醫(yī)學(xué)工作者在撰寫生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文時(shí)至關(guān)重要的。
生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文的時(shí)態(tài)通常交替使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí),但作為科技論文的一種,它是有一些約定俗成的規(guī)則和規(guī)律的。Day指出科技論文時(shí)態(tài)使用的總體原則:“當(dāng)你涉及已被發(fā)表的論文或已被科技界接受的科技知識和真理時(shí),你應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí),當(dāng)你所指的是自己的研究結(jié)果,就應(yīng)該用過去時(shí)”。在生物醫(yī)學(xué)論文的摘要(Abstract)部分和論文主體(IMRAD)的各個部分,時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用是有一定規(guī)則和規(guī)律可循的,這也是撰寫生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文寫作的一個重要語言特征。
3.1 摘要部分的時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用
以過去時(shí)為主,因?yàn)樽髡咧饕歉攀鲎约旱难芯磕康暮徒Y(jié)果,如:
A phase II clinical study combining GM-CSF and rituximab was initiated in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma(FL) to determine the clinical and biologic responses, as well as safety of the combination.
但提供論文研究的相關(guān)背景知識時(shí),應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)(一般現(xiàn)在式或現(xiàn)在完成式)。如:
Postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction has been recognized as a leading cause of early death after initially successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
當(dāng)敘述結(jié)論或提出建議時(shí),一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí),因?yàn)槲恼碌慕Y(jié)論源于結(jié)果,即使是由本研究具體“結(jié)果”演繹出的一般性原則,按英語習(xí)慣,通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)、臆測動詞或may, should, could等助動詞表達(dá),如:
GM-CSF plus rituximab results in high response rates, along with a tolerable safety profile in patients with relapsed or progressive FL. The improved efficacy over rituximab monotherapy may be due to increases seen in monocyte, granulocyte, and dendritic cell populations.
3.2 引言部分的時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用
以現(xiàn)在時(shí)(一般現(xiàn)在式或現(xiàn)在完成式)為主,這部分主要是回顧已發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和介紹相關(guān)研究背景。如:
T-IC, which are self-renewing and can differentiate into multiple lineages, are highly tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice.
Radiation and conventional chemotherapy have not significantly modified its natural history, as patient response is often characterized by remission followed by consecutive relapses until death.
3.3 方法和材料部分的時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用
主要是過去時(shí),因?yàn)樽髡咴诿枋霰狙芯窟^程中的方法和步驟。如:
An additional GM-CSF plus rituximab treatment cycle was administered to the last six patients who did not achieve CR at the end of the first cycle .
Immune cell counts (lymphocyte, monocyte, and granulocyte) were assessed from peripheral blood at baseline, before and at day 8 of each cycle, at day 30, and 3 months after treatment .
3.4 結(jié)果部分的時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用
主要也采用過去時(shí),因?yàn)樽髡咧饕婕氨狙芯克玫慕Y(jié)果和發(fā)現(xiàn),它們尚未得到醫(yī)學(xué)界的認(rèn)可。如:
Thirty-three patients were included in the study (Table 1). The median age was 59 years(range, 37 to 81), and there were 19 males and 14 females.
There was no difference between control and glibenclamide-pretreated groups in the total energy required for successful defibrillation before restoration of spontaneous circulation.
3.5 討論部分的時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用
現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)是交替使用的,當(dāng)作者陳述研究結(jié)論,對自己的研究成果作闡釋和評價(jià),通常使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如:
Our study suggests that HMGA2 overexpression can also be secondary to reduced let-7 expression.
Our results need to be considered in light of evidence for possible phenotypic heterogeneity of T-IC.
但是,當(dāng)作者純粹在描述本研究結(jié)果時(shí),應(yīng)該用過去時(shí),如:
We confirmed these findings in SK3rd and SKBR3 cells, where H-RAS (other RAS homologs were not expressed) and HMGA2 protein, but not mRNA, correlated inversely with let-7 expression .
英語時(shí)態(tài)的選擇是一個非常復(fù)雜的過程,不同時(shí)態(tài)的交替使用是生物醫(yī)學(xué)論文英語寫作中一個重要的語言特點(diǎn)。以上列舉的規(guī)則具有普遍性,已成為生物醫(yī)學(xué)論文英語寫作中約定俗成的規(guī)則。但是,時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用規(guī)則是有例外的,例如,在方法和結(jié)果部分一般都用過去時(shí),但這兩部分通常有圖表,圖表中的文字說明和分析或在文本中描述圖表時(shí),一般都用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),如:
Figure 4. Silencing HMGA2 reduces the undifferentiated subpopulation and proliferation of SK-3rd cells but does not significantly alter mammosphere formation .
Figure 2H shows northern blots from a representative patient who received chemotherapy and one who did not, while Figures 2I and S9A depict the mean ± standard deviation (SD) and individual patient data, respectively, of qRT-PCR analysis of let-7a/U6 expression.
再如,在文本中描述計(jì)算結(jié)果和進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析時(shí)一般用過去時(shí)態(tài),但有時(shí)也可使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),如:
Our current data showed that glibenclamide (0.3 mg/ kg) pretreatment alone did not alter the postresuscitation myocardial function or the outcome when compared with saline control (Table 1, Figs. 2-4).
Collectively, these data show that in vivo passaging of breast cancer lines under chemotherapy pressure enriches for BT-IC.
4 規(guī)范性:掌握清晰規(guī)范的常用表達(dá)法
閱讀生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文時(shí),會發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多類似的常用表達(dá)法(stock phrases,包括詞匯、短語和句型)頻繁出現(xiàn)在發(fā)表在各種期刊的不同論文中,這就是生物醫(yī)學(xué)論文英語寫作的另一個顯著的語言特征:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和規(guī)范性。在科研論文中,科研內(nèi)容的創(chuàng)新是首要的,傳達(dá)科研信息和表達(dá)科研成果的語言并不需要太多的創(chuàng)意和新穎,而是要力求簡明、準(zhǔn)確和規(guī)范。正如讀者已習(xí)慣于科研論文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的結(jié)構(gòu)格式IMRAD一樣,他們也習(xí)慣于讀到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的語言表達(dá)法,因?yàn)樗鼈円砸?guī)范的語言形式使思想內(nèi)容得以清晰表達(dá),幫助讀者迅速捕捉和理解作者要表達(dá)的意思。
在此,作者從本文引述的四篇文章中,略舉一些在生物醫(yī)學(xué)類英語論文各個部分中典型而規(guī)范的常用表達(dá)法。
4.1 摘要部分
Cancers may arise from rare self-renewing tumor-initiating cells(T-IC). However, how T-IC self renewal, multipotent differentiation, and tumorigenicity are maintained remains obscure. (說明相關(guān)課題研究的狀況)
We sought to assess the relationship between the magnitude of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) lowering and rates of elevated liver enzymes, rhabdomyolysis, and cancer. (闡明本文寫作和研究目的)
4.2 引言部分
Recent evidence also suggests that activation of opioid receptor produces cardioprotection.
The present analysis examines the relationship between the degree of LDL-C lowering and the risk of abnormal liver enzymes and rhabdomyolysis in large randominzed statin trials.
4.3 方法和材料部分
Forty-five minutes before VF was induced, animals were randomized into groups by the closed envelop method.
A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. SigmaStat version 3.1 (Systat Software, Inc., Point Richmond, California) was used for statistical analyses.
4.4 結(jié)果部分
There was no significant relationship between percent LDL-C lowering and rates of cancer(R = 0.09, P = 0.92)(Fig.7) .
This property correlates with the ability to expel dyes, defined as a flow cytometry side population(SP) .
4.5 討論或結(jié)論部分
Because T-IC are rare within tumors, they are difficult to study, and little is known about what regulates their critical ability to self renew and initiate tumors.
The present observation is consistent with many epidemiologic studies associating low cholesterol levels with higher incidence of cancer.
以上常用表達(dá)法在生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文中使用頻率甚高,有些已成為人們慣用的信號詞,被視為特定語境中的規(guī)范表達(dá)方式。這類表達(dá)法在生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文中隨處可見,枚不勝舉,寫作者應(yīng)利用這一語言特點(diǎn),在平時(shí)閱讀論文時(shí)有意識地收集這類stock phrases,并在寫作中運(yùn)用乃至整個句式完全套用,以便更有效和更規(guī)范化地表達(dá)自己。
5 結(jié)束語
生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文使用的語言還必須具有其它特點(diǎn),如學(xué)術(shù)性、專業(yè)性等等,但由于篇幅所限,本文側(cè)重生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文的最基本語言特點(diǎn),將其歸納為簡明性、準(zhǔn)確性和規(guī)范性這三方面語言特征。作者運(yùn)用了Day的科技論文寫作理論指導(dǎo)原則,通過實(shí)例分析生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文的語言特點(diǎn),指出一些基本的寫作原則和技巧,以期廣大醫(yī)學(xué)工作者在閱讀和撰寫生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文的過程中,了解并正確把握這些語言特征和寫作原則,提高英語寫作能力和寫作技巧。本文也是作者多年從事醫(yī)學(xué)博士生生物醫(yī)學(xué)英語寫作課程教學(xué)的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)之結(jié)晶,希望對醫(yī)學(xué)工作者用英語撰寫生物醫(yī)學(xué)論文時(shí)有借鑒之處。
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